Which structure of the thalamus is associated with cognitive functions?

The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus plays a significant role in cognitive functions, which include aspects such as memory, decision-making, and executive functions. This nucleus connects to various parts of the prefrontal cortex, which is crucial for higher cognitive processes. By facilitating communication between the thalamus and the prefrontal cortex, the mediodorsal nucleus helps integrate sensory information with cognitive expectations and social behaviors, ultimately influencing how we think and interact with our environment.

In contrast, other nuclei of the thalamus focus more on sensory processing or motor control rather than cognition. For instance, the ventral lateral nucleus primarily contributes to motor function by relaying information from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the motor cortex. The ventrobasal complex is involved in processing somatosensory information related to touch and proprioception. The ventral posterolateral nucleus also plays a key role in sensory input, particularly related to the body's sensations, but does not significantly influence cognitive processing. This distinction emphasizes the specialized functions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in supporting cognitive activities.